Industry Knowledge Encyclopedia

Automotive aluminum trim achieves its mirror-like brilliance through a chemical bright dip process-immersion in a near-boiling mixture of phosphoric a

A steam-heated PTFE exchanger that once met its thermal duty easily may gradually lose performance, even though steam pressure and flow appear normal.

Inside the shell of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a series of plates called baffles direct the shell-side fluid back and forth across the tube bund

The rate at which heat moves from a PTFE tube wall into the fluid flowing inside depends heavily on how fast that fluid is moving. Velocity is a prima

When heating potable water with a potentially hazardous fluid, or when preventing any chance of cross-contamination between two process streams, a sin

In ultrapure water systems for semiconductor or pharmaceutical use, every material in contact with the fluid is scrutinized for leachables and particu

When a corrosive bath requires heating, two primary approaches exist: drop a heating coil directly into the tank, or circulate the fluid through an ex

Standard shell-and-tube heat exchangers use tubes fixed at both ends. A bayonet-style exchanger, by contrast, has tubes that are free to expand at one

Environmental regulations on wastewater are tightening, placing limits on metals, organics, and even total dissolved solids. Surprisingly, the design

While the PTFE sheath protects the heater from corrosive liquids, the electrical termination area at the top of the heater is vulnerable to another en

A PTFE immersion heater pulled from service often shows a brownish or blackened sheath. The immediate concern is whether the heater is failing or if t

An immersion heater operating in deionized water presents a different electrical hazard profile than the same heater in a concentrated acid bath. Flui